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document
The performance of cement mortar linings in cast and ductile iron pipes: Life expectancy and dependence upon water chemistry
Abstract
The ability of cement mortar linings (CML) to protect iron pipes against corrosion over a timeframe of tens of years is widely known, however little knowledge exists regarding the precise parameters that affect the longevity of CML and their ability to prevent underlying corrosion. That is, methods to predict the life-expectancy of CML are currently unavailable for the maintainers of water distribution networks.A comprehensive study has been undertaken detailing the performance of a large number (121 samples) of CML samples exhumed from service throughout the USA and Australia. This has enabled degradation and failure mechanisms for CML in different environments to be evaluated, and has allowed key variables determining performance to be investigated.For instance: different types of cement mortar used in linings; the different manufacturing methods available; the impact of CML degradation on water quality parameters.Tests on exhumed CML samples included the analysis of the extent of cement leaching, changes in lining pH and thickness, and the barrier properties of CML.Tests on new CML were conducted to provide a baseline reference for CML before in-service degradation occurs.A deterministic life expectancy model has been proposed that accounts for the aggressiveness of water to the CML and to the corrosion of the underlying pipe.The development of corrosion pits in the iron with dimensions exceeding approximately 1 mm was deemed a failure of the lining.The inputs required by water authorities to utilize the model include knowledge of the CML lining thickness, service life, and an accurate estimation of the Langelier Index.Validation and improvement to the existing model can be achieved by correlating the above parameters with the measurement of the extent of underlying corrosion.The study concludes that whilst extensive depletion of CaO and alkalinity can occur during service, CML lined iron pipes typically have a predicted life exceeding 100 years.