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Frost, Raymond
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article
The Mechanical Strength of Phosphates under Friction-Induced Cross-Linking
Abstract
Purpose: In the present study, we consider mechanical properties of phosphate glasses under high temperatureinduced and under friction-induced cross-linking, which enhance the modulus of elasticity.Design/methodology/approach: Two nanomechanical properties are evaluated, the first parameter is themodulus of elasticity (E) (or Young's modulus) and the second parameter is the hardness (H). Zinc meta-, pyro- and orthophosphates were recognized as amorphous-colloidal nanoparticles were synthesized under laboratoryconditions and showed antiwear properties in engine oil.Findings: Young's modulus of the phosphate glasses formed under high temperature was in the 60-89 GPa range.For phosphate tribofilm formed under friction hardness and the Young's modulus were in the range of 2-10 GPaand 40-215 GPa, respectively. The degree of cross-linking during friction is provided by internal pressure ofabout 600 MPa and temperature close to 1000°C enhancing mechanical properties by factor of 3 (see Fig 1).Research limitations/implications: The addition of iron or aluminum ions to phosphate glasses under hightemperature - and friction-induced amorphization of zinc metaphosphate and pyrophosphate tends to providemore cross-linking and mechanically stronger structures. Iron and aluminum (FeO4 or AlO4 units), incorporatedinto phosphate structure as network formers, contribute to the anion network bonding by converting the P=Obonds into bridging oxygen. Future work should consider on development of new of materials prepared by solgelprocesses, eg., zinc (II)-silicic acid.Originality/value: This paper analyses the friction pressure-induced and temperature–induced the two factorslead phosphate tribofilm glasses to chemically advanced glass structures, which may enhance the wearinhibition. Adding the coordinating ions alters the pressure at which cross-linking occurs and increases theantiwear properties of the surface material significantly.