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Jussila, Vilho
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document
R-phase actuated SMA composites in adaptive wind turbine blade trailing edge
Abstract
There is an interest of doubling or quadrupling the ratedpower of wind turbines from the present maximum of about5 MW,especially for offshore applications. This increases theblade length to about 80 or 100 m. The growth in size ofblades is notfeasible using the present technologies and materials.Also the slenderness of wind turbines leads to increasedimportance ofvibration and fatigue control of blades and supportingstructures. These increasing requirements call for newstructural concepts and advanced materials and also formore adaptive solutions. Better control of the turbinesuch as advanced blade pitch control or shape control ortheir combination has to be developed and utilized. Theone key issue is reduction of the fatigue loads of bladesand that way increasing the life of the structure andenabling use of the turbine at higher wind speeds andgusty winds, which would increase the power production.Shape memory alloy (SMA) composites as morphingstructures have been studied widely. In this studypossibilities of SMA composites based on utilization ofpre-martensitic R-phase transformation were determined.Special treatments to achieve pure R-phase transformationwere developed and thermo-mechanical properties of thewires were determined. R-phase actuation has been foundto offer several beneficial features compared traditionalaustenitemartensite transformation. The studies revealedthat hysteresis can be remarkably decreased, leading tohigher operating frequency at lower temperatures. One ofthe most important features of R-phase actuated wires istheir superior resistance against functional fatiguecompared to traditional SMA wires. A novel manufacturingroute for SMA composites was developed.Laminate and actuator test structures were designed by FEmodeling. R-phase actuated SMA composites weredemonstrated atwind turbine blade adaptive trailing edge. In laboratorycondition 5° change in camber of trailing edge wasachieved when wires were heated up 60 °C. Effect of windspeed on the achieved shape changes was studied bypreliminary wind tunnel tests.