• Saura-Múzquiz, Matilde
• Andersen, Henrik L.
• Granados-Miralles, Cecilia

Abstract

<jats:p>Permanent magnets are integral components in many of the modern technologies that are critical for the transition to a sustainable society. However, most of the high-performance (BHmax &gt; 100 kJ/m3) permanent magnets that are currently employed contain rare earth elements (REE), which have long been classified as critical materials with a high supply risk and concerns regarding pollution in their mining. Therefore, suitable REE-lean/free magnets must be developed in order to ensure the sustainability of clean energy generation and electric mobility. The REE-free hexagonal ferrites (or hexaferrites) are the most used permanent magnets across all applications, with an 85 wt.% pie of the permanent magnet market. They are the dominant lower-grade option (BHmax &lt; 25 kJ/m3) due to their relatively good hard magnetic properties, high Curie temperature (&gt;700 K), low cost and good chemical stability. In recent years, the hexaferrites have also emerged as candidates for substituting REE-based permanent magnets in applications requiring intermediate magnetic performance (25–100 kJ/m3), due to considerable performance improvements achieved through chemical tuning, nanostructuring and compaction/sintering optimization. This chapter reviews the state-of-the-art sintering strategies being investigated with the aim of manufacturing hexaferrite magnets with optimized magnetic properties, identifying key challenges and highlighting the natural future steps to be followed.</jats:p>

Topics

• mobility
• chemical stability
• ceramic
• sintering
• Curie temperature
• rare earth metal