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Nobre, Catarina
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article
Torrefaction Upgrading of Heterogenous Wastes Containing Cork and Chlorinated Polymers
Abstract
Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge financial support by FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia within the R&D Units MEtRICs (UIDB/04077/2020-2023 and UIDP/04077/2020-2023). Andrei Longo acknowledges the project AmbWTE–POCI 01-247-FEDER-039838 for the research grant. Funding Information: This work was supported by national funds through the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P.P (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) by the project (UIDB/04077/2020-2023 and UIDP/04077/2020-2023) of Mechanical Engineering. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. ; Torrefaction of two mixed wastes composed of cork and chlorinated polymers was studied at temperatures from 200 to 350 °C, for residence times of 30 and 60 min. These wastes were recovered from sandwich panels with cork core, have different contents of cork biomass and chlorinated polymers and present poor fuel properties for energy recovery applications. The raw wastes and the produced biochars were characterized for proximate and ultimate analysis, chlorine content, mineral composition, calorific value, mass yield, energy density, particle size distribution, and adsorption capacity towards cationic and anionic dyes. Torrefaction enabled the production of biochars with mass yields from 97.2 to 54.5%, with an increase in 12.1 to 37.9% in apparent density relative to the raw wastes, and HHV from 18.2 to 20.7 MJ/kg. Nevertheless, the chlorine content of the biochars was increased to values higher than 5%, inadequate for solid fuels. Dechlorination of the biochars by washing with hot water enabled 84 to 91% removal of the chlorine species achieving final concentrations lower than 1%, without significant reduction in the biochars calorific values. For the waste with higher polymer and ash content, the torrefaction process reduced the heating value; therefore, energy valorization was not adequate. Both the raw wastes and the biochars were tested as adsorbents for cationic and anionic dyes. After activation with KOH, both ...