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article
Cu and Er modified barium zirconium titanate (BaZr0.05Ti0.95O3) ceramics: Composition-dependent dielectric properties
Abstract
<jats:p>Cu2+ and Er3+ doped BaZr0.05Ti0.95O3 (BZT) ceramics were prepared using thesolid-state reaction method, where amount of CuO + Er2O3 was fixed at 2 wt.%and different CuO : Er2O3 molar ratios (i.e. 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1)were used. The influence of Cu2+ and Er3+ doping on crystal structure anddielectric properties of the samples sintered at 1300 ?C was investigated.X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phasematerial and tetragonal crystal structure with P4mm symmetry.Microstructural analysis conducted with a scanning electron microscoperevealed well-defined and uniformly distributed grains across the surface ofthe sintered samples and reduction of grain size and density with doping.The highest energy storage density of 40.51mJ/cm3 with an energy efficiencyof 78.8% was obtained in the sample with CuO : Er2O3 molar ratio of 2:1. Thedoped BZT ceramics have high dielectric constant and significantly lowertangent loss in comparison to the undoped BZT. The dielectric data confirmthe non-Debye behaviour for all the samples. Impedance spectroscopy andelectrical modulus analysis indicated that conduction in the materials wasinfluenced by both the grains and grain boundaries. The AC conductivity isdescribed by the Jonscher?s universal power law, whereas DC conductivityfollows a dependency based on the Arrhenius?s theory. The results revealed aconduction mechanism characterized by non-overlapping small Polarontunnelling up to 340?C and a transition to correlated barrier hoppingconduction above 340?C within the selected temperature range for all thesamples. According to the Arrhenius fitting of DC conductivity theactivation energy of the undoped BaZr0.05Ti0.95O3 sample is 0.168 eV anddecrease with doping to 0.138 and 0.131 eV for the sample with lower Cu2+contents (CuO : Er2O3 molar ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, respectively).</jats:p>