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article
Discovery, activity and characterisation of an AA10 lytic polysaccharide oxygenase from the shipworm symbiont <i>Teredinibacter turnerae</i>.
Abstract
<h4>Background</h4>The quest for novel enzymes for cellulosic biomass-degradation has recently been focussed on lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs/PMOs), Cu-containing proteins that catalyse the oxidative degradation of otherwise recalcitrant polysaccharides using O<sub>2</sub> or H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> as a co-substrate.<h4>Results</h4>Although classical saprotrophic fungi and bacteria have been a rich source of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), we were interested to see if LPMOs from less evident bio-environments could be discovered and assessed for their cellulolytic activity in a biofuel context. In this regard, the marine shipworm <i>Lyrodus pedicellatus</i> represents an interesting source of new enzymes, since it must digest wood particles ingested during its natural tunnel boring behaviour and plays host to a symbiotic bacterium, <i>Teredinibacter turnerae</i>, the genome of which has revealed a multitude of enzymes dedicated to biomass deconstruction. Here, we show that <i>T. turnerae</i> encodes a cellulose-active AA10 LPMO. The 3D structure, at 1.4 Å resolution, along with its EPR spectrum is distinct from other AA10 polysaccharide monooxygenases insofar as it displays a "histidine-brace" catalytic apparatus with changes to the surrounding coordination sphere of the copper. Furthermore, <i>Tt</i>AA10A possesses a second, surface accessible, Cu site 14 Å from the classical catalytic centre. Activity measurements show that the LPMO oxidises cellulose and thereby significantly augments the rate of degradation of cellulosic biomass by classical glycoside hydrolases.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Shipworms are wood-boring marine molluscs that can live on a diet of lignocellulose. Bacterial symbionts of shipworms provide many of the enzymes needed for wood digestion. The shipworm symbiont <i>T. turnerae</i> produces one of the few LPMOs yet described from the marine environment, notably adding to the capability of shipworms to digest recalcitrant polysaccharides.