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Raju, G. Naga
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article
Dielectric Characteristics and A.C. Conductivity of Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:CuO Glass Ceramics with CuBi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Crystal Phase: A Possible Electrode Material for Ionic Batteries
Abstract
<jats:p>In this study, we investigated the dielectric properties of Pb<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>-Bi<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>-B<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> (PBB) glass ceramics doped with varying CuO concentrations across wide frequency and temperature ranges. The structural analysis involved XRD, SEM, XPS, DTA, FT-IR, ESR, and OA spectra, revealed the presence of anisotropic CuBi<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> ferroelectric crystal phases with the size of a few microns in these glass ceramics. The glass-ceramics containing a higher content of CuO indicated a maximal reduction of Cu<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> to Cu<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> ions that inhabit network-forming sites. Dielectric properties, including <jats:italic>ε′</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>,′ <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>″, <jats:italic>Z</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>σ</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ac</jats:italic></jats:sub>, were studied as functions of CuO content. <jats:italic>ε′</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>σ</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ac</jats:italic></jats:sub> were observed to decrease, while impedance was found to increase with CuO up to 0.8 mol%. Observed dipolar effects were quantitatively discussed with the identification of probable dipoles. The study indicated decreased ionic and increased polaronic contributions to <jats:italic>σ</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ac</jats:italic></jats:sub> with a rise of CuO from 0.2 to 0.8 mol%. In conclusion, glass ceramics with low CuO content are suitable as solid electrolytes, while higher CuO content serves as electrode materials in solid-state batteries.</jats:p>