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Gupt, Chandra Bhanu
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article
Hydraulic conductivity variation in compacted bentonite–fly ash mixes under constant-volume and free-swelling flow conditions
Abstract
<p>Compacted bentonite–sand (B–S) and bentonite–fly ash (B–FA) are established combinations for the construction of landfill liners. This study determined the upper and lower bounds of equilibrium hydraulic conductivity (k<sub>eq</sub>) of amended B under extended duration of flow. The k<sub>eq</sub> for constant-volume flow condition differed from free-swelling condition by more than two orders of magnitude due to the difference in geomaterial interaction, microstructural changes, and mineralization. Considering constant-volume and free-swelling condition, B–FA mix with class F and class C fulfilled the hydraulic conductivity criterion up to 70% and 30% amendment, respectively. The higher k<sub>eq</sub> observed for the B mixed with class C FA was attributed to the formation of porous calcium aluminium silicate hydrate gel and ettringite needle type minerals. The time taken to achieve equilibrium was inversely related to k<sub>eq</sub> by a power relationship. The data from this study were used to propose empirical relationships for estimating k<sub>eq</sub> (long-term) based on k obtained at 48 hours (short-term), plasticity and geomaterial type. The study reveals that FA can be used as an alternate for S as amendment material, and k<sub>eq</sub> based on free-swelling condition should be used for designing the liner.</p>