• Pemberton, Orville A.
• Atterstrom, Rachel
• Valdez, Lizbet
• Detranaltes, Andrea M.
• Nguyen, April H.
• Jones, Mary N.
• Simar, Shelby
• Hood, Kara S.
• Zervos, Marcus
• Panesso, Diana
• Rincon, Sandra
• Prater, Amy
• Sahasrabhojane, Pranoti V.
• Suleyman, Geehan
• Arias, Cesar A.
• Hanson, Blake
• Tran, Truc
• Miller, William
• Singh, Kavindra
• Shelburne, Samuel
• Axell-House, Dierdre B.
• Khan, Ayesha
• Rydell, Kirsten

Abstract

<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>Daptomycin (DAP) is often used as a first-line therapy to treat vancomycin-resistant<jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium</jats:italic>infections, but emergence of DAP non-susceptibility threatens the effectiveness of this antibiotic. Moreover, current methods to determine DAP minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) have poor reproducibility and accuracy. In enterococci, DAP resistance is mediated by the LiaFSR cell membrane stress response system, and deletion of<jats:italic>liaR</jats:italic>encoding the response regulator results in hypersusceptibility to DAP and antimicrobial peptides. The main genes regulated by LiaR are a cluster of three genes, designated<jats:italic>liaXYZ</jats:italic>. In<jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis</jats:italic>, LiaX is surface-exposed with a C-terminus that functions as a negative regulator of cell membrane remodeling and an N-terminal domain that is released to the extracellular medium where it binds DAP. Thus, in<jats:italic>E. faecalis</jats:italic>, LiaX functions as a sentinel molecule recognizing DAP and controlling the cell membrane response, but less is known about LiaX in<jats:italic>E. faecium</jats:italic>. Here, we found that<jats:italic>liaX</jats:italic>is essential in<jats:italic>E. faecium</jats:italic>with an activated LiaFSR system. Unlike<jats:italic>E. faecalis</jats:italic>,<jats:italic>E. faecium</jats:italic>LiaX is not detected in the extracellular milieu and does not appear to alter phospholipid architecture. We further postulated that LiaX could be used as a surrogate marker for cell envelope activation and non-susceptibility to DAP. For this purpose, we developed and optimized a LiaX enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We then assessed 86 clinical<jats:italic>E. faecium</jats:italic>bloodstream isolates for DAP MICs and used whole genome sequencing to assess for substitutions in LiaX. All DAP-resistant clinical strains of<jats:italic>E. faecium</jats:italic>exhibited elevated LiaX levels. Strikingly, 73% of DAP-susceptible isolates by standard MIC determination also had elevated LiaX ELISAs compared to a well-characterized DAP-susceptible strain. Phylogenetic analyses of predicted amino acid substitutions showed 12 different variants of LiaX without a specific association with DAP MIC or LiaX ELISA values. Our findings also suggest that many<jats:italic>E. faecium</jats:italic>isolates that test DAP susceptible by standard MIC determination are likely to have an activated cell stress response that may predispose to DAP failure. As LiaX appears to be essential for the cell envelope response to DAP, its detection could prove useful to improve the accuracy of susceptibility testing by anticipating therapeutic failure.</jats:p>

Topics

• impedance spectroscopy
• surface
• cluster
• laser emission spectroscopy
• activation
• susceptibility