• Orlando, Luca
• Perale, Giuseppe
• Giorgi, Zoe
• Villa, Tomaso
• Haugen, Håvard Jostein
• Nogueira, Liebert P.
• Rossi, Filippo
• Ma, Qianli
• Ciriello, Luca
• Loca, Dagnija
• Øvrebø, Øystein
• Rubenis, Kristaps
• Tognoni, Stefano

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Xenografts are commonly used for bone regeneration in dental and orthopaedic domains to repair bone voids and other defects. The first-generation xenografts were made through sintering, which deproteinises them and alters their crystallinity, while later xenografts are produced using cold-temperature chemical treatments to maintain the structural collagen phase. However, the impact of collagen and the crystalline phase on physicochemical properties have not been elucidated. We hypothesized that understanding these factors could explain why the latter provides improved bone regeneration clinically. In this study, we compared two types of xenografts, one prepared through a low-temperature chemical process (Treated) and another subsequently sintered at 1100 °C (Sintered) using advanced microscopy, spectroscopy, x-ray analysis, and compressive testing. Our investigation showed that the Treated bone graft was free of residual blood, lipids, or cell debris, mitigating the risk of pathogen transmission. Meanwhile, the sintering process removed collagen and the carbonate phase of the Sintered graft, leaving only calcium phosphate and increased mineral crystallinity. Micro computed tomography revealed that the Treated graft exhibited an increased high porosity (81%) and pore size compared to untreated bone, whereas the Sintered graft exhibited shrinkage, which reduced the porosity (72%), pore size, and strut size. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed crack formation around the pores of the Sintered graft. The Treated graft displayed median mechanical properties comparable to native cancellous bone and clinically available solutions, with an apparent modulus of 166 MPa, yield stress of 5.5 MPa, and yield strain of 4.9%. In contrast, the Sintered graft exhibited a lower median apparent modulus of 57 MPa. It failed in a brittle manner at a median stress of 1.7 MPa and strain level of 2.9%, demonstrating the structural importance of the collagen phase. This indicates why bone grafts prepared through cold-temperature processes are clinically favourable.</jats:p>

Topics

• pore
• mineral
• scanning electron microscopy
• crystalline phase
• tomography
• crack
• void
• porosity
• Calcium
• crystallinity
• sintering
• spectroscopy