• Broberg, Karin
• Möller, Rickie
• Ricklund, Niklas
• Storsjö, Tobias
• Tinnerberg, Håkan
• Engfeldt, Malin
• Krais, Anette M.
• Albin, Maria
• Karlsson, Lovisa E.
• Dock, Eva
• Schenk, Linda
• Saber, Anne T.
• Amir, Evana Taher
• Lundh, Thomas
• Vogel, Ulla
• Jiang, Zheshun
• Ljunggren, Stefan
• Tondel, Martin
• Modig, Lars
• Kines, Pete
• Wiebert, Pernilla
• Hagberg, Jessika
• Bertilsson, Helen
• Pineda, Daniela
• Assarsson, Eva

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is a human carcinogen, but the current exposure to Cr(VI) at Swedish workplaces is unknown.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Recruitment of 113 workers with potential Cr(VI) exposure and 72 controls was combined with measurements of inhalable Cr(VI) (only exposed workers) and total Cr in urine and red blood cells (RBC), Bayesian analysis of occupational exposure limit (OEL) compliance was used, as well as the Swedish job-exposure-matrix.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Exposed workers performed processing of metal products, steel production, welding, and plating. The geometric mean concentration of inhalable Cr(VI) in exposed workers was 0.15 μg/m3. Eight workers (7%) exceeded the Swedish OEL (5 μg/m3), and the share of OEL exceedances was estimated to be up to 19.6% for stainless steel welders. Urine- and RBC-Cr were significantly higher in exposed workers compared with controls. Workers with inferred non-acceptable local exhaustion ventilation showed significantly higher inhalable Cr(VI), urine- and RBC-Cr than those with acceptable ventilation. Workers with inferred correct use of respiratory protection had higher inhalable Cr(VI), and, paradoxically, higher urine- and RBC-Cr concentrations than workers with incorrect use. We estimate that ~17 900 Swedish workers are occupationally exposed to Cr(VI) today.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion</jats:title><jats:p>Our study showed that although most air measurements were relatively low, 7% exceeded the OEL, and particularly stainless steel workers are at risk for exceeding the OEL. The existing protective measures implemented at workplaces are still inadequate and insufficient.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Some workers in Sweden are exposed to high levels of the non-threshold carcinogen Cr(VI). National strategies aligned with European strategies are needed to eliminate occupational cancer.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Topics

• impedance spectroscopy
• stainless steel
• chromium
• size-exclusion chromatography
• aligned
• metal product