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| Naji, M. |
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| Ertürk, Emre |
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| Azevedo, Nuno Monteiro |
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Trinchi, Adrian
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Publications (7/7 displayed)
- 2023Process monitoring and machine learning for defect detection in laser-based metal additive manufacturingcitations
- 2023Embedding function within additively manufactured parts: Materials challenges and opportunitiescitations
- 2023Boron-induced microstructural manipulation of titanium and titanium alloys in additive manufacturingcitations
- 2012Data-constrained microstructure modeling with multi-spectrum X-ray CTcitations
- 2011A review of high throughput and combinatorial electrochemistrycitations
- 2010Data-constrained microstructure modeling with multi-spectrum X-ray CTcitations
- 2010Multilayered coatings: tuneable protection for metalscitations
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article
Boron-induced microstructural manipulation of titanium and titanium alloys in additive manufacturing
Abstract
Boron (B) is known to promote microstructural refinement and strengthening of titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys. Its effectiveness in trace amount relies on two synergistic mechanisms, namely the exceptional restriction of grain growth due to constitutional supercooling, and the formation of TiB precipitates that further inhibit grain growth and provide heterogeneous nucleation sites. TiB-reinforced composites exhibit increased hardness, wear resistance and yield strength than commercially pure Ti (cp-Ti) and Ti alloys. While the role of B has been thoroughly clarified in Ti castings, the microstructural changes triggered in additive manufacturing (AM) are still the subject of debate in the literature. Many contributions have confirmed the B-induced microstructural refinement in Ti-based AM parts, with the additional advantage that AM generally leads to much finer TiB precipitates than casting. In some cases, B may also promote the columnar-to-equiaxed transition, thus mitigating the anisotropic effects associated with the strong epitaxial growth of unidirectional columnar grains typical of AM, which have detrimental effects on the part’s mechanical performance. Despite these advantages, there are some potential pitfalls to using B in AM. Firstly, due to fast cooling, the microstructural evolution in AM may deviate from equilibrium, leading to a shift of the Ti-B eutectic point and to the formation of out-of-equilibrium and metastable phases. Additionally, the growth of TiB may undermine the ductility and the crack propagation resistance of AM parts, which calls for appropriate remediation strategies. For the first time, this review summarises the state of the art in B-driven microstructural manipulation of cp-Ti and Ti alloys in AM. In doing so, different sources of B are accounted for, solidification pathways are discussed for hyper- and hypoeutectic compositions, and changes in mechanical properties are elucidated through numerous examples in the literature. Finally, existing gaps in available knowledge are identified, which may help direct future research in the field.