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Ahmad, Shafiq
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Publications (5/5 displayed)
- 2023Morphological, Mineralogical, and Biochemical Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Three Size Fractions (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) in the Urban Environmentcitations
- 2021Fe2O3 nanoparticles deposited over self-floating facial sponge for facile interfacial seawater solar desalination ; Hybrid and Composite Crystalline Materialscitations
- 2020Optimization of WEDM for precise machining of novel developed Al6061-7.5% SiC squeeze casted compositecitations
- 2020A comprehensive analysis of the effect of graphene-based dielectric for sustainable electric discharge machining of Ti-6Al-4Vcitations
- 2020Milling Microchannels in Monel 400 Alloy by Wire EDM: An Experimental Analysiscitations
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article
Morphological, Mineralogical, and Biochemical Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Three Size Fractions (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) in the Urban Environment
Abstract
<p>Air pollution in megacities is increasing due to the dense population index, increasing vehicles, industries, and burning activities that negatively impact human health and climate. There is limited study of air pollution in many megacities of the world including Pakistan. Lahore is a megacity in Pakistan in which the continuous investigation of particulate matter is very important. Therefore, this study investigates particulate matter in three size fractions (PM<sub>1</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and PM<sub>10</sub>) in Lahore, a polluted city in south Asia. The particulate matter was collected daily during the winter season of 2019. The average values of PM<sub>1</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and PM<sub>10</sub> were found to be 102.00 ± 64.03, 188.31 ± 49.21, and 279.73 ± 75.04 μg m<sup>-3</sup>, respectively. Various characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used. FT-IR and XRD techniques identified the minerals and compounds like quartz, peroxides, calcites and vaterite, feldspar group, kaolinite clay minerals, chrysotile, vaterite, illite, hematite, dolomite, calcite, magnesium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, calcium iron oxide, gypsum, vermiculite, CuSO<sub>4</sub>, and FeSO<sub>4</sub>. Morphology and elemental composition indicated quartz, iron, biological particles, carbonate, and carbonaceous particles. In addition, various elements like C, O, B, Mg, Si, Ca, Cl, Al, Na, K, Zn, and S were identified. Based on the elemental composition and morphology, different particles along with their percentage were found like carbonaceous- (38%), biogenic- (14%), boron-rich particle- (14%), feldspar- (10%), quartz- (9%), calcium-rich particle- (5%), chlorine-rich particle- (5%), and iron-rich particle (5%)-based. The main sources of the particulate matter included vehicular exertion, biomass consumption, resuspended dust, biological emissions, activities from construction sites, and industrial emissions near the sampling area.</p>