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Zamiri, Golnoush
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article
Three-Dimensional Graphene-TiO2-SnO2Ternary Nanocomposites for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Abstract
<p class="articleBody_abstractText">Ternary nanocompositessynergistically combine the material characteristics of three materials,altering the desired charge storage properties such as electricalconductivity, redox states, and surface area. Therefore, to improve theenergy synergistic of SnO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, andthree-dimensional graphene, herein, we report a facile hydrothermaltechnique to synthesize a ternary nanocomposite of three-dimensionalgraphene–tin oxide–titanium dioxide (3DG–SnO<sub>2</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub>).The synthesized ternary nanocomposite was characterized using materialcharacterization techniques such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FTIRspectroscopy, FESEM, and EDXS. The surface area and porosity of thematerial were studied using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) studies. XRDstudies showed the crystalline nature of the characteristic peaks of theindividual materials, and FESEM studies revealed the deposition of SnO<sub>2</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> on 3DG. The BET results show that incorporating 3DG into the SnO<sub>2</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub>binary nanocomposite increased its surface area compared to the binarycomposite. A three-electrode system compared the electrochemicalperformances of both the binary and ternary composites as a battery-typesupercapacitor electrode in different molar KOH (1, 3, and 6 M)electrolytes. It was determined that the ternary nanocomposite electrodein 6 M KOH delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 232.7 C g<sup>–1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>–1</sup>. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was fabricated based on 3DG–SnO<sub>2</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> as a positive electrode and commercial activated carbon as a negative electrode (3DG–SnO<sub>2</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub>//AC). The ASC delivered a maximum energy density of 28.6 Wh kg<sup>–1</sup> at a power density of 367.7 W kg<sup>–1</sup>.Furthermore, the device delivered a superior cycling stability of ∼97%after 5000 cycles, showing its prospects as a commercial ASC electrode.</p>