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Hashmi, Gufran
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article
Impact of Film Thickness of Ultrathin Dip-Coated Compact TiO2 Layers on the Performance of Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
Abstract
<p>Uniform and pinhole-free electron-selective TiO<sub>2</sub> layers are of utmost importance for efficient perovskite solar cells. Here we used a scalable and low-cost dip-coating method to prepare uniform and ultrathin (5–50 nm) compact TiO<sub>2</sub> films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates. The thickness of the film was tuned by changing the TiCl<sub>4</sub> precursor concentration. The formed TiO<sub>2</sub> follows the texture of the underlying FTO substrates, but at higher TiCl<sub>4</sub> concentrations, the surface roughness is substantially decreased. This change occurs at a film thickness close to 20–30 nm. A similar TiCl<sub>4</sub> concentration is needed to produce crystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> films. Furthermore, below this film thickness, the underlying FTO might be exposed resulting in pinholes in the compact TiO<sub>2</sub> layer. When integrated into mesoscopic perovskite solar cells there appears to be a similar critical compact TiO<sub>2</sub> layer thickness above which the devices perform more optimally. The power conversion efficiency was improved by more than 50% (from 5.5% to ∼8.6%) when inserting a compact TiO<sub>2</sub> layer. Devices without or with very thin compact TiO<sub>2</sub> layers display <i>J</i>–<i>V</i> curves with an “s-shaped” feature in the negative voltage range, which could be attributed to immobilized negative ions at the electron-extracting interface. A strong correlation between the magnitude of the s-shaped feature and the exposed FTO seen in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicates that the s-shape is related to pinholes in the compact TiO<sub>2</sub> layer when it is too thin.</p>