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Vere-Tucker, Matthew De
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article
Investigation of solid base catalysts for biodiesel production from fish oil
Abstract
A series of composite CaO-Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>mixed oxides were investigated as potential catalysts for biodieselsynthesis from waste fish oil. Different Ca/Al ratios, in the range of1.5 to 6 were studied, alongside pure CaO. The catalysts werecharacterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and CO<sub>2</sub>-Temperature Program Desorption (TPD). Thecatalytic activity of the materials was studied for thetransesterification reaction of cod liver oil with methanol at 65 °C,with 1:12 oil to methanol molar ratio and 10 wt% of catalyst. Over 97%conversion of the triglycerides to methyl esters was achieved for the6Ca/Al catalyst after 2 h reaction time. This was similar to theperformance of CaO. However, 6Ca/Al catalyst was reused successfully forseven consecutive tests, in contrast to CaO that was reused for onlyfive tests, before it deactivated. Therefore, by incorporating the Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>,it was possible to enhance the stability of the catalytically activespecies and improve the lifetime of the catalyst. Post-test catalystcharacterisation showed the formation of an intermediate phase (calciumdiglyceroxide) that enhanced the catalyst’s performance and tolerance toair exposure and humidity. Finally, the catalyst deactivation, afterseven cycles, took place due to the formation of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> and CaCO<sub>3</sub> species.