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Kozikowski, Paweł
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Publications (5/5 displayed)
- 2021Burning Behaviour of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Histidine and Modified Graphene Oxidecitations
- 2021Moisture Resistance, Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified with L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acidcitations
- 2020Fire behavior of flame retarded unsaturated polyester resin with high nitrogen content additivescitations
- 2014Precipitation in a nanograined 7475 aluminium alloy - Processing, properties and nanoanalysiscitations
- 2013Microstructural changes upon annealing in ODS-strengthened ultrafine grained ferritic steelcitations
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article
Fire behavior of flame retarded unsaturated polyester resin with high nitrogen content additives
Abstract
The novel flame retarded unsaturated polyester resins have been developed and prepared by introduction of high nitrogen content additives into the polymer matrix in order to verify their effectiveness in the formation of swollen carbonaceous char inhibiting the burning process of the polymer. The intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) based on mixture or metal complex were developed and characterized by particle size distribution, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis (CHN) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The evaluation of the efficiency of IFRs addition on the flammability and smoke emission of the unsaturated polyester resins (UP) was carried out using the fire hazard (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimeter (CC) tests, as well as smoke density chamber tests. The volatile compounds evolved during the burning of materials were determined using a steady state tube furnace and a gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer. Furthermore, the prepared materials were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis and water resistance tests. The mechanical properties of the materials were investigated using Shore D hardness and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA). The structural evaluation of the manufactured materials and samples after the cone calorimetry tests was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the incorporation of new intumescent flame retardants led to the formation of carbonaceous char layers’ inhibiting the decomposition process and limiting the smoke emission. The most promising results were obtained for the resin containing complex designated as ZN3AT, for which the highest reduction in maximum values of heat release rate (419 kW/m2) compared to unmodified polymer (792 kW/m2) were recorded. Apart from that, the prepared intumescent flame retardants affect the cross-linking process as well as the thermal and mechanical properties of the UP.