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| Naji, M. |
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| Motta, Antonella |
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| Aletan, Dirar |
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| Mohamed, Tarek |
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| Ertürk, Emre |
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| Taccardi, Nicola |
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| Kononenko, Denys |
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| Petrov, R. H. | Madrid |
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| Alshaaer, Mazen | Brussels |
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| Bih, L. |
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| Casati, R. |
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| Muller, Hermance |
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| Kočí, Jan | Prague |
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| Šuljagić, Marija |
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| Kalteremidou, Kalliopi-Artemi | Brussels |
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| Azam, Siraj |
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| Ospanova, Alyiya |
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| Blanpain, Bart |
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| Ali, M. A. |
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| Popa, V. |
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| Rančić, M. |
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| Ollier, Nadège |
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| Azevedo, Nuno Monteiro |
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| Landes, Michael |
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| Rignanese, Gian-Marco |
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Walker, J. C.
in Cooperation with on an Cooperation-Score of 37%
Topics
Publications (18/18 displayed)
- 2015Reproducing automotive engine scuffing using a lubricated reciprocating contactcitations
- 2015Corrosion resistance enhancement of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy by pulsed electron irradiation for biomedical applications
- 2014Nanostructures in austenitic steel after EDM and pulsed electron beam irradiationcitations
- 2014Subsurface modifications in powder metallurgy aluminium alloy composites reinforced with intermetallic MoSi2 particles under dry sliding wearcitations
- 2014The effect of large-area pulsed electron beam melting on the corrosion and microstructure of a Ti6Al4V alloycitations
- 2013Pulsed electron beam surface melting of CoCrMo alloy for biomedical applicationscitations
- 2013Results of a UK industrial tribological survey
- 2013The influence of start-stop velocity cycling on the friction and wear behaviour of a hyper-eutectic Al-Si automotive alloycitations
- 2013A FIB/TEM study of butterfly crack formation and white etching area (WEA) microstructural changes under rolling contact fatigue in 100Cr6 bearing steelcitations
- 2013Influence of microstructure on the erosion and erosion–corrosion characteristics of 316 stainless steelcitations
- 2012Investigation of erosion-corrosion mechanisms of UNS S31603 using FIB and TEMcitations
- 2011A study on the evolution of surface and subsurface wear of UNS S31603 during erosion-corrosioncitations
- 2011Dry sliding wear behaviour of powder metallurgy Al-Mg-Si alloy-MoSi2 composites and the relationship with the microstructurecitations
- 2008Oxidation characteristics of gamma-TiAl-8Nb coated with a CrAlYN/CrN nanoscale multilayer coating
- 2008Oxidation characteristics of γ-TiAl-8Nb coated with a CrAlYN/CrN nanoscale multilayer coating
- 2007TEM characterisation of near surface deformation resulting from lubricated sliding wear of aluminium alloy and compositescitations
- 2006Site specific SEM/FIB/TEM for analysis of lubricated sliding wear of aluminium alloy compositescitations
- 2005Lubricated sliding wear behaviour of aluminium alloy compositescitations
Places of action
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article
A FIB/TEM study of butterfly crack formation and white etching area (WEA) microstructural changes under rolling contact fatigue in 100Cr6 bearing steel
Abstract
Butterflies are microscopic damage features forming at subsurface material imperfections induced during rolling contact fatigue (RCF) in rolling element bearings. Butterflies can lead to degradation of the load bearing capacity of the material by their associated cracks causing premature spalling failures. Recently, butterfly formation has been cited to be related to a premature failure mode in wind turbine gearbox bearings; white structure flaking (WSF). Butterflies consist of cracks with surrounding microstructural change called ‘white etching area’ (WEA) forming wings that revolve around their initiators. The formation mechanisms of butterflies in bearing steels have been studied over the last 50 years, but are still not fully understood. This paper presents a detailed microstructural analysis of a butterfly that has initiated from a void in standard 100Cr6 bearing steel under rolling contact fatigue on a laboratory two-roller test rig under transient operating conditions. Analysis was conducted using focused ion beam (FIB) tomography, 3D reconstruction and transmission electron microscopy (STEM/ TEM) methods. FIB tomography revealed an extensive presence of voids/cavities immediately adjacent to the main crack on the non-WEA side and at the crack tip. This provides evidence for a void/cavity coalescence mechanism for the butterfly cracks formation. Spherical M3C carbide deformation and dissolution as part of the microstructural change in WEA were observed in both FIB and STEM/TEM analyses, where TEM analyses also revealed the formation of superfine nano-grains (3–15 nm diameter) intersecting a dissolving spherical M3C carbide. This is evidence of the early formation of nano-grains associated with the WEA formation mechanism.