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Kumar, David
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Publications (4/4 displayed)
- 2024The Transient Thermal Ageing of Eurofer 97 by Mitigated Plasma Disruptions
- 2024Under the microscope:Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic Steel Eurofer-97 Following Ion‑Irradiation and High‑Temperature High‑Pressure Water Exposure
- 2022Examination of a Ferritic-Martensitic Steel following Irradiation and High Temperature Water Corrosion
- 2021The Effects of Fusion Reactor Thermal Transients on the Microstructure of Eurofer-97 Steelcitations
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article
The Transient Thermal Ageing of Eurofer 97 by Mitigated Plasma Disruptions
Abstract
Plasma disruptions in a commercial-scale tokamak will impose high magnitude, short-duration thermal loads on its plasma-facing first wall. Despite a plethora of mitigation measures, these severe, off-normal events are likely to briefly expose the structural materials of the first wall to significant temperature excursions. Eurofer 97, the reference structural material for the plasma-facing first wall of the EU DEMO tokamak, is a reduced activation 9Cr steel with a normalised and tempered ferritic/martensitic microstructure. Repeated exposure to the thermal effects of disruptions over the operating lifetime of a reactor may promote a cumulative evolution of Eurofer 97′s microstructure, affecting key material properties crucial to first wall performance. This novel transient thermal degradation mechanism has been explored via a laser-based transient heating experiment, supported by time-dependent finite element thermal analysis studies of DEMO’s water-cooled lithium–lead first wall during a mitigated plasma disruption. Transient-affected samples of Eurofer 97 were characterised via scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques (SEM/TEM), including electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and selective area electron diffraction (SAED). Microhardness and magnetisation testing data are also presented. A single 700 °C thermal transient was found sufficient to coarsen and partially recrystallise Eurofer 97′s tempered martensite sub-grains at the tungsten-Eurofer 97 interface. Further transient exposure at 700 °C resulted in the significant growth of equiaxed grains, the nucleation of intergranular Cr-rich M7C3 and M23C6 carbides, and the coarsening of V-rich and intra-granular Ta-rich MX precipitates. The microstructural effects of 850 °C transients are also reported. Notably, after 1,000 transients at 850 °C the hardness of Eurofer 97 was found to have decreased by 32 %.