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Grzeszkowiak, Mikołaj Marcel
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article
Chemical etching of stainless steel 301 for improving performance of electrochemical capacitors in aqueous electrolyte
Abstract
<p>The main purpose of the study was to increase the surface roughness of stainless steel 301 current collectors by etching, in order to improve the electrochemical performance of electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) in 1 mol L<sup>-1</sup>lithium sulphate electrolyte. Etching was realized in 1:3:30 (HNO<sub>3</sub>:HCl:H<sub>2</sub>O) solution with times varying up to 10 min. For the considered 15 μm thick foil and a mass loss around 0.4 wt.%, pitting was uniform, with diameter of pits ranging from 100 to 300 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed an increase of average surface roughness (Ra) from 5 nm for the as-received stainless steel foil to 24 nm for the pitted material. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy realized on EDLCs with coated electrodes either on as-received or pitted foil in 1 mol L<sup>-1</sup>Li<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>gave equivalent distributed resistance (EDR) of 8 Ω and 2 Ω, respectively, demonstrating a substantial improvement of collector/electrode interface after pitting. Correlatively, the EDLCs with pitted collector displayed a better charge propagation and low ohmic losses even at relatively high current of 20 A g<sup>-1</sup>. Hence, chemical pitting of stainless steel current collectors is an appropriate method for optimising the performance of EDLCs in neutral aqueous electrolyte.</p>