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Nogueira, I.
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article
Helium and deuterium irradiation effects in W-Ta composites produced by pulse plasma compaction
Abstract
<p>Tungsten-tantalum composites have been envisaged for first-wall components of nuclear fusion reactors; however, changes in their microstructure are expected from severe irradiation with helium and hydrogenic plasma species. In this study, composites were produced from ball milled W powder mixed with 10 at.% Ta fibers through consolidation by pulse plasma compaction. Implantation was carried out at room temperature with He<sup>+</sup> (30 keV) or D<sup>+</sup> (15 keV) or sequentially with He<sup>+</sup> and D<sup>+</sup> using ion beams with fluences of 5 × 10<sup>21</sup> at/m<sup>2</sup>. Microstructural changes and deuterium retention in the implanted composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, coupled with focused ion beam and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and nuclear reaction analysis. The composite materials consisted of Ta fibers dispersed in a nanostructured W matrix, with Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> layers at the interfacial regions. The Ta and Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> surfaces exhibited blisters after He<sup>+</sup> implantation and subsequent D<sup>+</sup> implantation worsened the blistering behavior of Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. Swelling was also pronounced in Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> where large blisters exhibited an internal nanometer-sized fuzz structure. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an extensive presence of dislocations in the metallic phases after the sequential implantation, while a relatively low density of defects was detected in Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. This behavior may be partially justified by a shielding effect from the blisters and fuzz structure developed progressively during implantation. The tungsten peaks in the X-ray diffractograms were markedly shifted after He<sup>+</sup> implantation, and even more so after the sequential implantation, which is in agreement with the increased D retention inferred from nuclear reaction analysis.</p>