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Phillips, Aw
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article
Experimental study of the steady fluid-structure interaction of flexible hydrofoils
Abstract
This paper presents results from an experimental study of the hydrodynamicand hydroelastic performance of six different flexible hydrofoils of similar geometry;four metal hydrofoils of stainless steel (SS) and aluminum (AL), andtwo composite hydrofoils of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). The twoCFRP hydrofoils had differing layups, one with fibers at 0◦ and the otherat 30◦ relative to the spanwise axis of the hydrofoil. All hydrofoil modelshave the same unswept trapezoidal planform of aspect ratio 3.33. Two sectionprofiles were chosen, a standard NACA0009 (Type I) and a modifiedNACA0009 (Type II) with a thicker trailing edge for improved manufactureof CFRP hydrofoils. Hydrofoils were tested in a water tunnel mounted froma six-component force balance. Forces and deformations were measured atseveral chord-based Reynolds numbers up to Rec = 1.0106 and incidencesbeyond stall. Hysteresis, force fluctuations, and the natural frequency ofthe hydrofoils in air and in water were also investigated. Pre-stall forces on the metal hydrofoils were observed to be Reynolds number dependent forlow values but became independent at 0.8106 and greater. Forces on theCFRP hydrofoils presented an increasing or decreasing lift slope for all Recdepending on the orientation of the carbon unidirectional layers. The changein loading pattern is due to the coupled bend-twist deformation experiencedby the hydrofoils under hydrodynamic loading. Forces and deflections in theType I hydrofoils were observed to be stable up to stall and non-dimensionaltip deflections of were found to be independent of incidence and Rec. TypeII metal hydrofoils had a mild Rec dependence, attributed to the blunt trailingedge, and Type II CFRP hydrofoils had a stronger incidence and Recdependence. The natural frequency under stall conditions of all but one ofthe CFRP hydrofoils were in agreement with added mass and finite elementanalysis estimates. The disagreement was observed in the CFRP hydrofoilwith layers aligned at 30◦ and is attributed to the complex behavior of thecarbon layers and to the coupled bend-twist deformation experienced underhydrodynamic loading of the hydrofoil.