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Chinnathambi, Arunachalam
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article
Synthesis of novel ternary hybrid g-C3N4@Ag-ZnO nanocomposite with Z-scheme enhanced solar light-driven methylene blue degradation and antibacterial activities
Abstract
We herein report the facile synthesis of ternary hybrid g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@Ag-ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) via a simple physical mixing method. The synthesized g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@Ag-ZnO NCs were successfully characterized using different spectroscopic techniques such as X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-Visible (UV-Vis), steady-state photoluminescence (PL), and electron spin resonance (ESR). Antibacterial performance of the synthesized NCs was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Streptococcus salivarius</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity was determined against methylene blue (MB) dye under sunlight irradiation. Results demonstrated that the ternary hybrid g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@Ag-ZnO NCs showed an excellent Z-scheme photocatalytic degradation of MB and significant antibacterial performance against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as compared to Ag-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanosheets (NSs), g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@ZnO NCs and (5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 60%, and 75%) g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@Ag-ZnO NCs. Moreover, the ternary hybrid g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@Ag-ZnO NCs exhibited tremendous stability and recyclability with a high degree of photocatalytic MB degradation for ten successive catalytic cycles. ESR experiment further revealed that the superoxide (<sup>.</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) and hydroxyl (<sup>.</sup>OH) radicals were the leading species liable for MB deterioration. The superior photocatalytic activity and exceptionally improved antibacterial performance of the ternary hybrid g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@Ag-ZnO NCs attributed to the interface's synergic effect developed between Ag-ZnO NPs and g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> NSs. Hence, our current study recommends that the synthesized ternary hybrid g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@Ag-ZnO NCs could prove a valuable photocatalytic system for the degradation of organic pollutants and disinfectant for destroying the pathogenic bacterial species from wastewater.