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article
Structural and multiferroic properties in double-layer Aurivillius phase Pb0.4Bi2.1La0.5Nb1.7Mn0.3O9 prepared by molten salt method
Abstract
<p>A single-phase sample of the Aurivillius compound Pb<sub>0.4</sub>Bi<sub>2.1</sub>La<sub>0.5</sub>Nb<sub>1.7</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>9</sub> was prepared by a molten salt method using K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>/Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> as the flux. The crystal structure, morphology, ferroelectric, and magnetic properties were investigated. Neutron powder diffraction data confirmed a non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic crystal structure with space group A2<sub>1</sub>am and Pb/Bi disorder in the bismuth oxide blocks, Bi/Pb/La disorder on the perovskite A-site, and Nb/Mn disorder on the perovskite B-site. The morphology of the sample showed anisotropic plate-like grains as probed by scanning electron microscopy. The dielectric constant exhibits a transition peak between 600 K and 640 K that depends on frequency, indicating relaxor ferroelectric behavior. Electrical polarization versus applied field loops are unsaturated, with a remnant polarization of 0.43 μC/cm<sup>2</sup> at 40 Hz under the maximum electrical field applied of 160 kV/cm. The ferroelectricity originates from the displacement of oxygen atoms in the BO<sub>6</sub> octahedra, resulting in a polar structural distortion. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed the presence of mixed Mn<sup>3+</sup> and Mn<sup>4+</sup>, resulting in short-range ferromagnetic order via double exchange interactions below 33 K. The remnant magnetization (M<sub>r</sub>) is 0.01 emu/g at 5 K. This mixed valence of Mn cations is mainly responsible for the high electrical conductivity. Thus, Pb<sub>0.4</sub>Bi<sub>2.1</sub>La<sub>0.5</sub>Nb<sub>1.7</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>9</sub> exhibits coexisting ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties.</p>