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| Naji, M. |
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| Motta, Antonella |
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| Aletan, Dirar |
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| Mohamed, Tarek |
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| Ertürk, Emre |
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| Taccardi, Nicola |
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| Kononenko, Denys |
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| Petrov, R. H. | Madrid |
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| Alshaaer, Mazen | Brussels |
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| Bih, L. |
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| Casati, R. |
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| Muller, Hermance |
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| Kočí, Jan | Prague |
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| Šuljagić, Marija |
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| Kalteremidou, Kalliopi-Artemi | Brussels |
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| Azam, Siraj |
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| Ospanova, Alyiya |
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| Blanpain, Bart |
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| Ali, M. A. |
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| Popa, V. |
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| Rančić, M. |
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| Ollier, Nadège |
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| Azevedo, Nuno Monteiro |
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| Landes, Michael |
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Mitwalli, H.
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article
Novel rechargeable calcium fluoride dental nanocomposites.
Abstract
<h4>Objectives</h4>Composite restorations with calcium fluoride nanoparticles (nCaF<sub>2</sub>) can remineralize tooth structure through F and Ca ion release. However, the persistence of ion release is limited. The objectives for this study were to achieve long-term remineralization by developing a rechargeable nCaF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite and investigating the F and Ca recharge and re-release capabilities.<h4>Methods</h4>Three nCaF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites were formulated: (1) BT-nCaF<sub>2</sub>:Bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate (BisGMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA); (2) PE-nCaF<sub>2</sub>:Pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM) and ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA); (3) BTM-nCaF<sub>2</sub>:BisGMA, TEGDMA, and Bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate (Bis-MEP). All formulations contained 15% nCaF<sub>2</sub> and 55% glass particles. Initial flexural strength and elastic modulus, F and Ca ion release, recharge and re-release were tested and compared to three commercial fluoride-containing materials.<h4>Results</h4>BT and BTM nCaF<sub>2</sub> composites were 3-4 times stronger and had elastic modulus 2 times that of resin-modified glass ionomer controls. PE-nCaF<sub>2</sub> had comparable strength to RMGIs. All nCaF<sub>2</sub> composites had significant F and Ca ion release and ion rechargeability. In F and Ca recharging cycles, PE-nCaF<sub>2</sub> had the highest ion recharging capability among nCaF<sub>2</sub> groups, followed by BT-nCaF<sub>2</sub> and BTM-nCaF<sub>2</sub> (p < 0.05). For all recharge cycles, ion release maintained similar levels, demonstrating long-term ion release was possible. Furthermore, after the final recharge cycle, nCaF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites provided continuous ion release for 42 days without further recharge.<h4>Significance</h4>Novel nCaF<sub>2</sub> rechargeable nanocomposites exhibited significant F and Ca ion release over multiple recharge cycles, demonstrating continuous long-term ion release. These nanocomposites are promising restorations with lasting remineralization potential.