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Lim, Gim Pao
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article
Synthesis, characterization and biophysical evaluation of the 2D Ti2CTx MXene using 3D spheroid-type cultures
Abstract
Ceramics International 47 (2021) 22567–22577Available online 3 May 20210272-8842/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.Synthesis, characterization and biophysical evaluation of the 2D Ti2CTx MXene using 3D spheroid-type cultures Gim Pao Lima, Chin Fhong Soona,*, Agnieszka Maria Jastrzębskad, Nyuk Ling Mac, Anita Rozmysłowska Wojciechowskad, Aleksandra Szuplewskad, Wan Ibtisam Wan Omara, Marlia Morsina, Nafarizal Nayana, Kian Sek Teeb aBiosensor and Bioengineering Lab, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Center, Institute for Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia bFaculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia cFaculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia dFaculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507, Warsaw, Wołoska 141, PolandARTICLE INFOKeywords: MAX phase MXenes Ti2CTx Cytotoxicity in vitro 3D cell model Spheroids ABSTRACTMXenes are novel 2-D materials which have been extensively investigated for use in advanced biocomposites, water purification, biosensors, bioimaging and antibacterial systems. However, the knowledge associated with the mechanism ofcytotoxic response isstill limited to lack ofverification against 3D spheroid-type cultures. Herein, we present a report on the in vitro cytotoxicity of Ti2CTx MXene against cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa) in a form of 3D spheroid with comparison to 2D cell culture system. Ti2CTx MXenes can be characterized by their multi-layered structure that is produced by the efficient elimination of Al and appearance of the surface func-tional groups. The biological results with 2D and 3D HeLa indicated that the Ti2CTx MXene was moderately cytotoxic to cells and the cytotoxicity was dose dependent. Our results showed that the toxicity of MXenes is potentially due to direct contact of the Ti2CTx MXene with the cell membrane wall. The Raman spectra suggested that the Ti2CTx MXenes interfered with the cytoplasmic proteins’ conformation and the surrounding microen-vironment. This inherently modified the biochemistry of the cell membrane and caused cell apoptosis. This paper contributes to the pool of knowledge regarding the biocompatibility and biophysical properties of Ti2CTx MXene.