• Ramasse, Quentin M.
• Li, Jiehua
• Hage, Fredrik S.
• Schumacher, Peter

Abstract

<p>The refinement of Al alloys by TiB₂ has been extensively investigated for decades, both in industry and academia. In order to achieve higher grain refinement potency, it is known that other solutes must be added alongside TiB₂, thus tailoring the heterogeneous nucleation at the interface between the TiB₂ particles and the Al matrix. Here, we report results from an atomic-scale experimental investigation of the heterogeneous nucleation interface of TiB₂ in Al-Cu based alloys as well as in an Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner employed in these Al-Cu based alloys. We focus on the effect of segregation of the main solute elements (Ti, Cu) to the interface of TiB₂ and attempt to disentangle this effect from other factors affecting the nucleation and growth. Significant Ti segregation in the form of a Ti-rich layer, identified as an Al₃Ti two-dimensional compound, was unambiguously observed on the basal plane of TiB₂ particles in the Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner, in agreement with prior literature. In the Al-Cu alloy system, prevalent Ti segregation was also observed on the basal plane of TiB₂, accompanied in cases when the Cu concentration is high by the presence of a further atomic-scale Cu-rich layer. Based on these observations, a possible nucleation sequence for the Al-Cu based alloys with the addition of Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner is proposed whereby Al nucleation occurs on an Ti-rich layer on the surface of TiB₂, which can then be preserved from a subsequent peritectic transformation by a surrounding eutectic reaction that forms a Cu-rich layer when sufficient Cu is present. This proposed nucleation sequence should help to link the absence or presence of Al₃Ti layers on the basal plane of TiB₂ to processing conditions in post-solidification studies. Although it is difficult to know with absolute certainty if a TiB₂ particle observed in the post-solidification microstructure was active or inactive for heterogeneous nucleation during the solidification process, this experimental study highlights the possible role of Cu segregation on grain refinement of Al-Cu alloys by the Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner.</p>

Topics

• impedance spectroscopy
• surface
• compound
• grain
• two-dimensional
• solidification