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Riemer, Lukas M.
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article
Stress-induced phase transition in lead-free relaxor ferroelectric composites
Abstract
<p>Piezoelectric materials are considered an enabling technology generating an annual turnover of about 20 billion $. At present, lead-based materials dominate the market with the known risk to health and environment. One of the three key competitors for their replacement is the class of sodium bismuth titanate (NBT)-based relaxor ferroelectrics, the use of which is limited by thermal depolarization. An increased thermal stability has recently been experimentally demonstrated for composites of Na<sub>1/2</sub>Bi<sub>1/2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>-6BaTiO<sub>3</sub> with ZnO inclusions (NBT-6BT:xZnO). However, the exact mechanism for this enhancement still remains to be clarified. In this study, piezoresponse force microscopy and <sup>23</sup>Na NMR spectroscopy were used to demonstrate that the incorporation of ZnO leads to a stabilization of the induced ferroelectric state at room temperature. Temperature-dependent measurements of the relative dielectric permittivity ε′(T), the piezoelectric coefficient d<sub>33</sub> and the strain response revealed an increase of the working temperature by 37 °C. A simple mechanics model suggests that thermal deviatoric stresses stabilize the ferroelectric phase and increase, as well as broaden, the temperature range of depolarization. Our results reveal a generally applicable mechanism of enhancing phase stability in relaxor ferroelectric materials, which is also valid for phase diagrams of other ceramic matrix composites.</p>