• Kang, Bong Joo
• Jung, Eui Hyuk
• Yun, Hyunsung
• Seo, Youhyun
• Jeon, Nam Joong
• Kim, Hyunseo
• Seo, Chaeeun
• Yoo, Soo Bin

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Uniform film deposition over an entire substrate is indispensable to achieve efficient perovskite solar modules (PSMs) by minimizing the gap with high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Only a few microscopic pinholes on the film in PSMs directly give rise to debase the performance and stimulate the degradation of the devices. Herein, a strategy of the homogeneous and defect‐reduced electron‐transport layer for high‐performance PSMs is reported. pH modulation of tin oxide (SnO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) nanoparticles colloidal dispersion by a small amount of nitric acid (HNO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>) addition leads to the removal of hydroxy groups on the SnO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> surface acting as electronic defects as well as superb regularity of the thin films by forming a network of the SnO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles. The surface engineering of SnO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles brings out the high performance of 23.7% efficiency for a unit cell, 20.3% efficiency for a 24.5 cm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> minimodule, and 19.0% efficiency for a 214.7 cm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> submodule, respectively, where all efficiencies are averaged from results obtained by the reverse/forward scan. In outdoor tests with the submodules, a target PSM generates 16.5% higher cumulative electricity for a month as compared to a control PSM. Furthermore, under damp heat environments, the target PSM maintains 80% efficiency compared to an initial efficiency of 1080 h.</jats:p>

Topics

• nanoparticle
• Deposition
• perovskite
• impedance spectroscopy
• dispersion
• surface
• thin film
• defect
• forming
• tin